Mahan was one of the foremost proponents of the vigorous foreign policy The Influence of History on Mahan: The Proceedings of a Conference Marking the Centenary of Alfred Thayer Mahans The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660-1783, ed. The Royal Navys distant blockade of Germany after Jutland likewise mirrored British attempts after Trafalgar to interdict French commerce, while leveraging British seaborne communications. 149/3/1,441. Us, Write The best known competing geopolitical model to Mahans is Halford Mackinders 1904 Heartland or World Island theory: a theoretical and historical argument that control of the landmass of Eurasia underwrote a continental (or land power) that no maritime state could effectively challenge. [84] Kevin D. McCranie,Mahan, Corbett, and the Foundations of Naval Strategic Thought(Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 2021). What do we know about him? SEA BATTLES: BYNG OFF MINORCA; HAWKE AND CONFLANS; POCOCK AND D'ACH IN EAST INDIES pp 281-329 Get access Export citation CHAPTER IX - COURSE OF EVENTS FROM THE PEACE OF PARIS TO 1778. The books structure still bears some of this pedagogical DNA: readers will note a repetitive formula in the chapters as he delivered his thesis from lecture to lecture. [48] Mahan, From Sail to Steam, 277; Theodor Mommsen, The History of Rome, tr. [63] Nicholas Spykman, The Geography of the Peace (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1944), 40-41. [65] In sum, Mahans grammar of international relations may have inspired other scholars, but his specific emphasis on the sea has not been universally accepted. The Influence of Sea Power Upon History 1660 1783 eBook : Mahan , A. T.: Amazon.ca: Kindle Store. Seward also attempted to purchase suitable Caribbean naval bases. [79] Hughes argued that as technology changes it alters not only tactics, but also the naval-strategic principles Mahan took as constants. [11] These ideas, Mahan insisted, were dangerously misguided. Mahan, armed with his faith in Sea Power as a determinative factor in history, was well prepared to catch the growing wave of navalist sentiment in the United States. Conclusion: The Soviet Union has the potential to develop, or compensate for, nearly all of its natural disadvantages in relation to Mahans six principles of seapower. From time to time, he wrote, the superstructure of tactics has to be altered or wholly torn down; but the old foundations of strategy so far remain, as though laid upon a rock.[78] The strategic principles of concentration, decisive engagement, control of communications, and offensive action all translated from the Age of Sail, while specific tactics required revision as a result of technical advances. The decline of the U.S. Navy ended about 1880, and by 1890, a renaissance was in full swing. 212-228. [51] After defeating Peru in a decisive naval battle in 1879, Chile leveraged its maritime preponderance to cut off Peruvian trade, finance war spending, and move amphibious armies along the Peruvian coast. Sign up to get updates about new releases and event invitations. Nations achieve sea power by defeating an adversarys fleet in a decisive engagement, thereby driving the enemys ships and commerce from the oceans. Work on the long-planned Muse-Kyaukphyu line is once again inching forward, but construction is likely many years off. Peter Karsten, The Naval Aristocracy: The Golden Age of Annapolis and the Emergence of Modem American Navalism (New York: Free Press, 1972). New and expanding corporations had built industrial productivity to rival that of the North Atlantic Great Powers. Commercial interests increasingly looked overseas, eyeing opportunities in Latin American and East Asia, as well as the territorial infrastructure (the Panama Canal and coaling stations) necessary to exploit them. [5] Oscar Wilde used USN weakness as a punch line for his comedy; it was that obvious. This chapter also discusses how the core principles Mahan borrowed from the Swiss military theorist Jomini - concentration, offensive action, and decision by battle . Mahans prescience did not end there, however. 2.6 The key elements of a maritime strategy include sea denial, sea control and power projection: Sea Denial has the 'aim of prevention of the use of the sea' by another force against us. The very terms navalism and navalist were originally coined in the 1890s as a pejorative (an analog of militarism) to describe irrational and unnecessary spending on navies. The Inuence of Sea Power Upon History 1660-1783 - A. T. Mahan 2010 Mahan presents an examination of the general history of Europe and America with special reference to the eect of sea power on the course of history. Commodore Robert W. Shufeldts Voyage to Africa, the Middle East, and Asia, Chinese Immigration and the Chinese Exclusion Acts, Mahans The Influence of Sea Power upon History: Securing International navy to deter or destroy rival fleets; and a network of naval bases capable of In the wake of the Civil War, however, Congress became preoccupied with Nations in these outer rings were, by Mackinders definition, peripheral to the pivot of history in central Eurasia. 16, No. The Influence of Sea Power Upon History: 1660-1783 is a history of naval warfare published in 1890 by Alfred Thayer Mahan. spread democracy to Latin America. [4] All the while, the U.S. . Summary of Theory Alfred Mahan, the originator of the North - Studocu Development theory summary of theory alfred mahan, the originator of the north american school of geopolitics and an american naval officer and historian, DismissTry Ask an Expert Ask an Expert Sign inRegister Sign inRegister Home [60] More systematically, subsequent geopolitical thinkers were quick to raise alternate foundations of national and international power, even as they borrowed Mahans fundamental interest in the nexus of geography, economics, and policy. Journal Article OPEN ACCESS Naval War College Review, Vol. [17], But given the concepts prevalence in military and strategic jargon, Mahan fails to define sea power with any real precision. Mahan believed that the U.S. economy would soon be unable Mahan, a naval strategist and the author of The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, argued that national prosperity and power depended on control of the world's sea-lanes. Luce, August 12, 1890, Letters and Papers of Professor Sir John Knox Laughton, 1830-1915, 68. Mahan happened upon his thesis in Lima in the immediate aftermath of the War of the Pacificfought between Peru, Bolivia, and Chile between 1879-1884a conflict that, as much as any in the industrial era, illustrated the concrete influences of Sea Power on regional order. guaranteed the independence of Mexico from Spanish control. Rodger, Command of the Ocean: A Naval History of Britain, 1659-1815 (New York: Norton, 2005). Report, Trans-Pacific In a virtuous cycle, physical access to the sea, commercial trade, and colonial possessions created national wealth. answer choices. The 1890s were marked by social and economic unrest throughout the United States, See also: Dingman, Japan and Mahan in The Influence of History on Mahan: The Proceedings of a Conference Marking the Centenary of Alfred Thayer Mahans The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660-1783, ed. Great Britains emergence as the worlds dominant military, political, and [18] Commerce raiding and land-based coastal defenses, Mahan stresses, are at best poor substitutes for victory at sea and control of the maritime space. I owed it to no other man.[46] Mahan was deeply religious, and so perhaps it should come as no surprise that his conversion to Sea Power has a Road-to-Damascus feel to it. First, Mahan looked for strategic points of convergence and concentration. What are their objectives? These are not fatal deficiencies. He holds a Ph.D. in history from Harvard University (2020) and has served as a USN Intelligence Officer (2009-2014). The Russian climate, however, is so frigid that more than 90% of this total is icebound the entire year, rendering it useless to naval operations. as the coaling stations and naval bases that Mahan had discussed, such as Puerto We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. [3] Demobilization post-1865 had left the USN with a wooden-hulled Old Steam Navy that by the 1880s was literally rotting away. perpetual lease for a naval base at Guantanamo Bay, This page was last edited on 28 September 2021, at 05:34. [15] See also: George Grote, A History of Greece, Vol II, 2nd Edition (London: John Murray, 1849), 152; Andrew Lambert, Seapower States: Maritime Culture, Continental Empires, and the Conflict that Made the Modern World (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2018), 2. Mahan on Naval Warfare: Selections from the Writings of Rear Admiral Alfred Thayer Mahan, ed. . Naval War College professors Toshi Yoshihara and James Holmes have examined the writings of contemporary Chinese military thinkers and strategists in this regard in their important work, Chinese Naval Strategy in the 21st Century: The Turn to Mahan. In 1890, Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan, a lecturer in naval Less intuitively, poor soil and climate often encourage Sea Power because domestic inadequacies force commercial interests abroad in search of resources and profits. Lambert echoes Kennedys criticisms of Mahan, but his reading of Influence is far less charitable. Number of Population and Character of the People: Their ancient Russian heritage has instilled in Soviet people the qualities of tenacity and perseverance, valuable traits for a nation aspiring to the sea. Influenced by Jomini 's principles of strategy, he argued that in the coming wars, control of the sea would grant the power to control the trade and resources needed to wage war. 1898. Among them, commercial pursuits must be a distinguishing feature of the nations that have at one time or another been great upon the sea.[34] For Mahan, national character also influences the capacity for planting healthy colonies, which is still another component of fully realized Sea Power. Reconstruction in the South, and the Senate rejected all of Sewards efforts to [77] As such, rather than a vulgar set of transferable analogies about tactics, Mahan saw history as a font for principles. The basic principles of Mahan's maritime strategy were instrumental in evolution of the United States Navy and shaped its operations across two World Wars, the Cold War, and violent peace of the 20th and 21st centuries. Commercial trade is a critical variable and the reason for a navys existence. [30] Drawing from his experience in the Civil War, Mahan noted that the sparsely populated inlets and harbors of the Confederacy were not a source of strength, but rather highways for riverine penetration by Union gunboats. Capetown, Hawaii). Skip to main content.ca. To wit: element four, population, should be read in direct relation to element three, extent of territory. Wedded together, these elements greatly advantaged British political aims and regional influence. Department of State, U.S. There was an emerging power with . As the custodian of U.S. ports and waterways, the Coast Guard safeguards the infrastructure necessary to access the global commons and realize sea power. Mahans argument for how and why the nineteenth-century continental United States should build a great-power navy mirrors a long running great policy debate in China. Beyond this tripartite definition, Mahan also sketches out a related, but more systematic means of predicting Sea Power in Influences first chapter, Six Elements of Sea Power. This list is unusually explicit and does not necessarily track across the texts empirical core. As the decade wore on, Mahan found an increasingly receptive U.S. audience for his polemicespecially in positions of power. Vol. In Influence, Mahan offers two possible formulas for grand strategic Sea Power. The acquisition of Cam Ranh Bay in Vietnam and Cienfuegos *n Cuba, for example, has greatly enhanced Soviet naval strategic positioning. Enjoying this article? What concerned Mahan most was ensuring that the U.S. Government could Answer: At geographic "choke points" (e.g. Dalam membangun sebuah negara yang memiliki kekuatan Angkatan Laut yang besar, menurut Astawa (2004) Sea Power Mahan diperlukan 6 (enam) elemen pokok In 1974, Russia was operating 23 shipyards which employed 265,000 people. Mahan said strategic principles "remain as though laid on a rock." Indeed, reading the text for insight into pure naval strategy misses Mahans larger point. The merchant marine has grown from 400 ships in 1945 mustering 2 million tons deadweight to 1,700 ships in 1976 totaling 16 million tons deadweight, a growth rate of 425% in 31 years. If the United States failed to act, Mahan warned, the vast mass of China . In this sense Kennedy largely reflected Mackinders argument: Railways and the consolidation of nation states like Germany, Russia, and the United States in the late-19th century once again made land-powers the dominant actors in the international system. 1, July. may yield to one of those impulses which have in past ages buried civilization under a wave of barbaric invasion. Should China burst her barriers eastward, he wrote, it would be impossible to exaggerate the momentous issues dependent upon a firm hold of the [Hawaiian] Islands by a great civilized maritime power., Similarly, in The Problem of Asia, Mahan depicted a future struggle for power in the area of central Asia he called the debatable and debated ground, and identified the immense latent force of China as a potential geopolitical rival. They encourage innovation, self-reliance and . The United States must protect its domestic shipping infrastructure to access maritime trade, and the Coast Guard is the agency bearing the responsibility. [58] Some years later, and more concretely, Mahan was able to secure funding for the Naval War College after winning over to Influences basic proposition the subsequent, and initially skeptical, Secretary of the Navy Hilary A. Herbert. Get briefed on the story of the week, and developing stories to watch across the Asia-Pacific. In the 21st century, even as technologies advance, the core insights of Mahan and his method remain fundamental. [50] South America proves the point. It was during this period he assembled the material to write his influential The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660-1783. Writing at the turn of the 20 th century, Mahan was explicitly thinking about the role of sea power for the United States as it emerged onto the world stage, and his ideas, though very influential at the time, have fallen somewhat out of favor in more recent thinking about sea power. [I]t is scarcely desirable, Mahan wrote, that so vast a proportion of mankind as the Chinese constitute should be animated by but one spirit and moved as a single man. Mahan knew that Western science and technology would at some point be globalized and wrote that under such circumstances it is difficult to contemplate with equanimity such a vast mass as the four hundred millions of China concentrated into one effective political organization, equipped with modern appliances, and cooped within a territory already narrow for it.. China employs military actions to achieve political outcomes in territorial disputes. Momentary superiority in tonnage or deployable warships often masks a deeper brittleness. [16] A.T. Mahan, Letters and Papers of Alfred Thayer Mahan [hereafter LPATM] Vol I-III, ed. [72] Kennedy, Rise and Fall of British Naval Mastery, 7-8. Great Britainan island nation with free access to the high seashad strong geographic incentives and advantages in the race for Sea Power vis--vis its continental rivals France and later Germany. [55] Once translated from the original, aspiring maritime states like Imperial Japan and Germany were quick to take up Mahan as at least a pre-textual justification for naval expansion. In 1890, Mahan called the sea a wide common.[92] It takes very little imagination to trace that thought through Wilsons Fourteen Points, to the Atlantic Charter, to more recent commitments to the global commons of sea, air, space, and cyberspace. States as spatial organisms Chapter 2 - Rudolph Challen and Friedrich Naumann "Central Europe" Chapter 3 - Halford Mackinder "The Geographical Axis of History" Jeremy Greenwood and Emily Miletello, To Expand the Navy Isnt Enough. Jutland (1916)what should have been a new Trafalgarfailed to produce a decisive impact on the war. British naval mastery, Kennedy stresses, tracked closely with the relative economic and industrial vitality of the home base and with it the Royal Navys ability to sustain imperial networks. This effort to encourage U.S. policy was, after all, Mahans main political projectas Joshua Bouchers 2015 Classics of Strategy and Diplomacy essay on The Interest of America in Sea Power, Present and Future demonstrates. Empire, 17931812, Current However, in the combined 840 pages of The Influence of Sea Power Upon History:16601783 and The Interest of America in Sea Power, Present and Future, Mahan does not investigate the role of a nations coast guard. Technological assimilation will come in time, as the Soviet Union continues to modernize its life-style and educate its people. William P. Dickson (London: R. Bentley, 1862-1866). [60] E.L. Godkin, Navalism, Nation, Vol. }, Page last modified: It could have both. Stylistically, Mahan rarely uses one word when ten will do. Lieutenant Commander Clark is a Coast Guard response ashore officer and is currently assigned as a personnel recovery and search-and-rescue planner at U.S. Northern Command. With a broader understanding of Sea Power in mind, Influences aim is to identify the mutually reinforcing relationships between geography, commerce, and military or commercial shippingas well as to explain why individual states do or do not mobilize Sea Power to pursue national goals. A nation possessing sea power can enrich itself through trade, protect and expand its commerce and possessions abroad, and "make possible the most glorious and most useful enterprises."6 Mahan elaborated six conditions that define a nation's seapower: geographical position; physical conformation; extent of [61] Mackinder, Geographical Pivot of History, 421-437. 9. [26] Halford J. Mackinder, Geographical Pivot of History, The Geographical Journal 23, No. The most brilliant successes, says Mahan, have followed where there has been intelligent direction by a government fully imbued with the spirit of the people. He demonstrates through historical example how a government must weave an interdependence between commercial and military necessities in order to create a truly effective navy. Southeast Despite international sanctions, shipments of aviation fuel continue to reach the country, according to a new report. Mahan wrote Influence in response to the somewhat ironic position of the United States and its navy in the international system in the 1880s and 90s. Should it go to war, the Soviet Union would be assuming that it does not need the sea-lanes open to ensure national economic survival, a fact surely reflected in the priorities of Soviet defense planners. Mahan[5] defined seapower as the product of international trade and commerce, overseas bases, and merchant and naval shipping. [37] Therein lay the origins of British prosperity and influence, as Mahans historical research hoped to demonstrate. Mahan is skeptical, for example, of the galley as an analogy to steam-powered vessels. Discussions of Sea Power were common in the late-19thcenturyoften motivated by the naked institutional self-interest of naval officers and their political backers. Equally significant were the new battleships utilizing Mahan's strategy of command of the sea and clearly displaying the industrial maturation of the United States. Asia, Asia If so, does the Soviet Union have the necessary prerequisites to become a seapower? Their ability to withstand long hours and hard work allowed them to adapt to the sailors life, yielding Sir. [52] Revista de Marina, No. This incident created a chain reaction of damage to commerce, delaying more than 400 vessel transits and suspending nearly $60 billion in trade, with countless downstream effects on the supply chain. 5 (JANUARY 1964), pp. Mahan knew it well, having served on at least one rotting Civil War-era gunboat in Japan. . Today, the Soviet Union is building the vital merchant counterpart to its naval fleet. 1898, the United States gained control of territories that could serve This brings us to Mahans most vital characteristic. The significance of the role of institutions is shown by Heather McLaughlin in her definition: "Maritime governance derives from an institutional framework with jurisdictions at international, national, regional and local level."80 At the same time Roe criticized existing institutions for their rigidity and inertia. 9. Two years later, he completed a supplementary volume, The Influence of Sea Power upon the French Revolution and Corbett, by contrast, played chess: Though using the same board, he was quick to recognize the importance of specialized assets, maneuvering in concert, often toward limited ends. Francis P. Sempa is the author of Geopolitics: From the Cold War to the 21st Century (Transaction Books) and Americas Global Role: Essays and Reviews on National Security, Geopolitics, and War (University Press of America). Letters and Papers of Alfred Thayer Mahan, Vol I-III, ed. He famously wrote in The Influence of Sea Power upon the French Revolution and Empire that it was the navy of Great Britain (those far distant storm-beaten ships) that stood between Napoleon and the dominion of the world. A.T. Mahan, The Influence of Sea Power Upon History 1660-1783 (Boston, Little Brown and Company, 1898). He recalled that the books basic thesis dawned first on my inner consciousness. [89] Selling sea power in peacetime is still a priority for the seapower community.[90] Mahans insights into the nature of power and geography are likewise keen. When war came, the proud Dutch merchantmen were driven from the seas, depriving the Netherlands of victory and vanquishing it from the front rank of world powers. would allow the United States to build an isthmian canal through the province of Mahan argued for a universal principle of concentration of powerful ships in home waters and minimized strength in distant seas, while Fisher reversed Mahan by utilizing technological change to propose submarines for defense of home waters and mobile battle cruisers for protection of distant imperial interests. Mahan transformed his lectures into book format, publish-ing The Inluence of Sea Power upon History, 1660-1783 in 1890. President William McKinley finally secured the annexation of Hawaii by means of Formulas for grand strategic Sea Power in peacetime is still a priority for the seapower community to its naval.! Technological assimilation will come in time, as the decade wore on, found... 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From Harvard University ( 2020 ) and has served as a punch line for his polemicespecially in positions of and... The Influence of Sea Power were common in the 21st century, even as technologies advance the... Steam-Powered vessels Pivot of History, 1660-1783 echoes Kennedys criticisms of Mahan and method.

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